DEEP CYCLE BATTERIES

This guide provides some basic information on how deep cycle batteries work, some of the associated terminology and different chemistry types.

What are deep cycle batteries?

In the context of renewable energy, batteries usually mean deep cycle batteries.

Deep cycle batteries are an energy storage units in which a chemical reaction occurs that develops voltage and results in electricity. These batteries’ design is to cycle (discharge and recharge) many times.

While a car battery’s design to deliver a burst of energy for a short time, a deep cycle battery provides power at a steady rate over a long period.

There are different types of deep cycle batteries such as:

flooded batteries,
gel batteries
AGM batteries (Absorbed Glass Mat);
more recently – lithium-ion

All have different manufacture processes.

Among conventional deep cycle batteries, the flooded battery is the most common, which is similar to the standard lead acid battery in your car. The gel batteries, as the name suggests, have a gel-like substance in them and the AGM batteries consist of acid suspended in a glass mat separator.

While Flooded, AGM and gel batteries are used most frequently in off-grid scenarios, next generation lithium-ion battery systems will experience significant uptake among grid-connected households in Australia – and off-grid too.

Deep cycle batteries are designed to handle states of deep discharge, or depth of discharge (DoD), which is how much of the battery capacity is used in one full discharge of the battery. There are different types of deep cycle batteries.

Flooded deep cycle batteries will require the user to refill the electrolyte levels to maintain the battery, while sealed lead-acid batteries are a type of deep cycle battery that requires little maintenance and are spill-proof. This quality makes deep cycle batteries a good choice for recreational vehicles that may experience a lot of bumps and vibrations.

How Does a Deep Cycle Battery Work?

Deep cycle batteries have thicker lead plates compared to traditional lead-acid batteries, allowing the battery to provide longer sustained amounts of electricity but less power compared to traditional batteries. These batteries can withstand 80% or higher DoD, although the lifespan of the battery will benefit from keeping the DoD above 50%.

Deep Cycle Battery vs. Lead-Acid Battery

Now that you know how these battery types work, it’s time to explore the benefits and shortcomings of each. Plus, we’ll dive into when to rely on deep cycle batteries versus when to install lead-acid batteries in your vehicles.

Use Cases

Because of their different designs, deep cycle and traditional lead-acid batteries work for vastly different scenarios.

Deep cycle batteries aren’t often found in everyday vehicles, like cars and trucks. Instead, they work to provide a steady supply of a lower amount of power compared to traditional batteries, making them ideal for recreational vehicles, boats, golf carts and electric vehicles, such as medical carts or electric bikes.
Traditional lead-acid batteries are probably familiar to most drivers, as these are common in many everyday vehicles, like cars, SUVs, trucks and other light-duty vehicles that need short bursts of power to start up the vehicle engine.

CCA vs. RC

When you’re looking into deep cycle batteries and traditional lead-acid batteries, you’ll come across the terms cold cranking amps (CCA) and reserve capacity (RC).

CCA indicates the number of amps a battery produces in 30 seconds at 0°C (32°F) while maintaining a minimum of 7.2 voltage.
RC is the number of minutes a battery can produce 25 amps with a minimum of 10.5 voltage.

A lead-acid battery will provide about two times more CCA compared to a deep cycle battery, while a deep cycle battery provides two or three times as much RC as a traditional lead-acid battery.

Pros of Deep Cycle Batteries

Deep cycle batteries have several benefits, depending on the situation. Many of their benefits, like sustained energy and long cycle lifespan, make them ideal for recreational vehicle use.

Cycles. Deep cycle batteries last for about 2,000 cycles, with each cycle representing a full discharge and recharge, while traditional lead-acid batteries last about 200 cycles and aren’t designed for deep discharging.
RC. A deep cycle battery has a much higher RC compared to regular batteries and provides more sustained energy.
Size. Deep cycle batteries are smaller and lighter in weight than regular batteries, which is why they work so well in recreational vehicles.

Cons of Deep Cycle Batteries

Not every vehicle will benefit from a deep cycle battery, as they do have some drawbacks that won’t allow them to work in every setting.

CCA. Deep cycle batteries provide half to three-quarters less CCA than a traditional lead-acid battery.
Power. With the lower CCA, deep cycle batteries do not provide the large bursts of power that a traditional lead-acid battery can provide to a vehicle.
Recharging. Users will need to manually recharge deep cycle batteries.

Pros of Lead-Acid Batteries

Lead-acid batteries are ubiquitous in many of the vehicles we come across every day because they have many benefits for modern cars and trucks.

Power. Lead-acid batteries provide large bursts of power to start a vehicle engine, and they rarely reach more than 20% DoD.
Recharging. The vehicle alternator helps recharge the battery, so users do not need to manually recharge traditional lead-acid batteries.
Cost. Lead-acid batteries are everywhere, and as the most common vehicle battery, they are easy to find and affordable.

Cons of Lead-Acid Batteries

Lead-acid batteries have some drawbacks that make them less suitable for certain applications, and unlike maintenance-free deep cycle battery varieties, they do require regular inspections and maintenance.

Limited capacity. Lead-acid batteries aren’t designed to reach a deep state of discharge the way that deep cycle batteries can and have a much lower RC compared to deep cycle batteries.
Maintenance. Lead-acid batteries need regular inspections and must be refilled to prevent battery damage.
Temperature resistance. Lead-acid batteries don’t hold up well to extreme temperatures, either hot or cold. The lifespan of lead-acid batteries can be cut short when used frequently in high heat or freezing temperatures.

Deep cycle battery ratings

Up until recently there were two ways batteries were generally rated: volts and amps.

Amp hours (Ah) are the rating capacity available in chemical energy inside a battery that is converted into electrical energy. It also refers to the amount of energy that the battery can store, or conversely, it can be seen as the discharge rate, which measures the time it takes to discharge a battery before it needs recharging.

The capacity of the battery reduces if the battery discharges in a shorter period, for instance over 1 hour. The amp hour capacity reduces by about 50% and so will the amount of cycles.

Where the battery discharges at a constant rate of current over a number of hours, this is referred to as the “C” rating. For example, many small batteries rate at the C20 rate, this means that they will deliver their amp hour capacity if discharging over 20 hours. The types of batteries in large stand alone power systems rate at C100 which means that they are designed to discharge over 100 hours or 4 days. This will give you a life span typically of about 15 years.

You can learn about battery voltages and state of charge here.

More recently, with the advent of the home energy storage revolution; batteries for residential applications are often referred to by their kilowatt-hour (kWh) capacity.

Discharge cycles

Selecting a battery can be confusing. While all will claim to be particularly well suited to a energy storage purpose, all deep cycle batteries are not created equal, even within their own type such as AGM, Gel or Sealed Lead Acid.

As a deep cycle battery can be quite an investment, you’ll want one that will last the distance.

One of the ways to determine this among conventional types is the cycle rating; that is how many times it can be discharged and recharged. One of the best benchmarks for this is the IEC 896-2, based on a 100% discharge.

While discharging a battery 100% is not recommended as it will significantly decrease the life of any deep cycle battery, the IEC 896-2 provides a good baseline for drawing comparisons between brand X and Y or even different battery lines from the same manufacturer.

AGM Batteries

Absorbent glass mat (AGM) is a class of lead-acid deep cycle battery in which the electrolyte absorbs into a fiberglass mat. The plates in an AGM battery may be flat like wet cell lead-acid battery, or they may be wound in a tight spiral. The internal resistance of AGM batteries is lower than traditional cells, they can handle higher temperatures, and self discharge more slowly.

Valve activation

These batteries have a valve which will activate when the battery is recharged at high voltage. Valve activation allows some of the active material to escape thus decreasing the overall capacity of the battery. The lids /vents typically have gas diffusers built-in that allow safe dispersal of any excess hydrogen produced during charging. They are maintenance free. They can orient in any manner, unlike normal lead-acid batteries which must be upright to avoid acid spills and to ensure the plates are sitting in the electrolyte.

AGM batteries are totally sealed and are easy and safe to transport
They never need topping up with water
They can be safely mount inside a boat, car, caravan, motorhome etc
AGM batteries only need to be vented to atmosphere. They do not need to be in a sealed box vented to the outside like wet batteries, and can mount on their sides or ends if needed.
Due to their very low internal resistance AGM batteries will fully charge at a lower voltage, and accept a much larger charge current. So, when charging from a standard car/truck alternator these batteries will all but fully charge, and they will charge quickly, in about 3 hours!
AGM batteries can discharge deeper than conventional deep cycle batteries without major damage.
AGM batteries only discharge at the rate of up to 3% per month. Even after 12 months sitting idle they can recharge and go back into full service without any major damage. A standard deep cycle battery if treated the same way will destroy itself, it will no longer hold a good charge.
AGM batteries were originally developed for the military, they are very robust.

Sealed Lead Acid Batteries

Sealed lead acid batteries are also known as:

valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries,
recombinant batteries and
often called maintenance-free lead-acid batteries.

Examples of VRLA batteries are:

Absorbed glass mat (or AGM)
Gel cells

The term term “seal lead acid battery” is misleading. A sealed battery would be a safety hazard due to overpressure risks the battery is overcharged.

There is always a safety valve present, hence the name valve-regulated. Even the term “valve regulated” does not really describe this technology. These are really “recombinant” batteries. This means that oxygen evolved at the positive will mostly recombine with the hydrogen ready to evolve on the negative and thus prevent water loss. The valve is only a safety feature in case dangerous amounts of hydrogen are produced.

Flooded Lead Acid Batteries

Flooded lead acid batteries, or wet cells, are the oldest type of rechargeable battery still in use. This type of battery contains a liquid in an unsealed container. This means that the battery must be upright and in a area with good ventilation to ensure safe dispersal of the hydrogen gas that the batteries produce during overcharging. The lead-acid battery is also very heavy for the amount of electrical energy it can supply.

Flooded lead acid batteries require period monitoring and topping up with distilled water. Despite these disadvantages, flooded batteries have high surge current, easier to troubleshoot and are relatively inexpensive.

Gel Batteries

A gel battery (also known as a “gel cell”) is a sealed, valve regulated lead-acid deep cycle battery and has a gel electrolyte. Unlike flooded lead-acid (wet cell) batteries, these batteries do not need to be upright.

Gel cells virtually eliminate evaporation of the electrolyte, spillage (and subsequent corrosion issues) common to the flooded lead acid battery, and boast greater resistance to extreme temperatures, shock, and vibration. As a result, they are often ideal for use in automobiles, boats, aircraft, and other motorized vehicles.

– Maintenance Free: Because the batteries are comprised of gel instead of liquid, there is little to no maintenance to keep the battery working properly.

– No Leaks: Even though wet cell batteries are sealed in a plastic encasement there is still the chance that it will leak. Gel batteries are also sealed but with a valve that removes excess pressure. This means that between the gel substance and the removal of pressure, there is nowhere for the mixture to go.

– Install Them Anywhere: Gel batteries have the advantage of being able to be used in virtually any position, because they don’t leak and are generally maintenance free. This greatly increases the number of applications gel batteries can be used for.

– Minimal Risk: When damage occurs to a traditional lead-acid battery you are faced with a massive and dangerous clean up (not to mention the impact on anything the battery acid may come into contact with during the process). Gel batteries will not leak out if the casing becomes damaged, so there is a reduced risk of harm coming to the equipment and clean up hazards.

– Vibration Resistant: One of the biggest complaints with wet cell batteries is that they are very susceptible to extreme vibration and other impacts. Gel batteries absorb the impact and vibrations, making them great batteries for items such as four wheelers.

– No Fumes: Because these batteries are comprised of a gel substance there are minimal fumes created as a result of use. This means that there is a reduced need for ventilation which increases the potential applications gel batteries can be used for, as well as making them easier to charge anywhere.

– Resistant To Discharge Death: When using a wet cell battery it’s important that you don’t allow the battery to discharge too much. Otherwise, it will never recharge. Gel cell batteries aren’t that way. They are deep cycle batteries which means that they can discharge more and still be recharged like new.

Lithium-ion Batteries

Lithium ion batteries are quite different to conventional deep cycle batteries and have sparked a revolution in grid-connected residential energy storage. We’ve created a separate, more in-depth article on this topic. Check out our home battery storage guide. You can also view our range of next-generation home battery systems.

Battery Maintenance

Deep cycle batteries (lead-based) such as those used in off-grid solar power systems have much thicker lead plates than car batteries to make them last longer. Deep cycle batteries should never really discharge to below 20% of their full capacity, because internal resistance causes heat and damage when recharging.

Renewable energy systems usually use a low-charge or low voltage warning light or a low-voltage cut-off switch to prevent the type of damage that will shorten the battery’s life.

Battery shelf life will increase by storing them at a lower temperatures, because the chemical reactions in the batteries are slower. However, in order to reach their maximum voltage, batteries must return to room temperature. Therefore, most deep cycle battery manufacturers do not recommend refrigerating batteries.

While conventional deep cycle battery systems generally require a significant amount of oversight, the next generation of energy storage (lithium-ion) features highly automated management systems. Maintenance and monitoring is basically nil.

Battery safety, explosions and other hazards

A battery explosion is the result of the misuse or malfunction of a battery. Causes can include attempting to recharge a non-rechargeable battery or short circuiting a battery.

Explosions are most likely to occur when a short circuit generates very large currents. In addition, deep cycle batteries can release hydrogen when they experience overcharging. This is due to electrolysis of the water in the electrolyte. Normally the gas dissipates quickly. However, this gas can ignite by a nearby spark (for example, when removing the jumper cables).

Note: hydrogen gas production isn’t an issue with lithium-ion batteries.

Attempting to charge a deep cycle battery beyond its electrical capacity, ie overcharging, can also lead to a battery explosion, leakage, or irreversible damage. It may also cause damage to the components which use the overcharged battery.

When a conventional battery recharges at an excessive rate, an explosive gas mixture of hydrogen and oxygen may be produced faster than it can escape from within the walls of the battery. This can lead to pressure build-up and the possibility of the battery case bursting.

In extreme cases, the battery acid may spray violently from the casing of the battery and cause injury.

Deep cycle batter explosions can also occur in maintenance free lead-acid batteries if the valves fail or experience blockages. The pressure rises within the cells until a short-circuit ignites the hydrogen-oxygen mixture. Such explosions can cause severe injury. The problem is apparent in most batteries if the sides appear swollen, or if the battery feels hot to touch.

Related Products: